CH—5 PASTORALISTS IN THE MODERN WORLD
1. Name
some pastoralist tribes of India.
1. The
Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir.
2. The Dhangars of Maharashtra.
3. The Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh.
4. The Gollas, Kurumas of Karnataka and AP.
5. The Raikas of Rajasthan
2. Explain the Cycle of life of mountainous pastoralists
such as Gujjar Bakarwals and Gaddi shepherds .
·
Rearing
animals- goat and sheep
·
In
Winter –September –going to low hills Siwalik
·
In
summer-in April- northern march
·
Kafila
·
Bhabar-dry
forest at low hills, Bughyals- Vast meadows in high hills
3. Life of Dhangars
·
Central plateau of Maharashtra-semi-arid region-low rain-poor
soil
·
Sheep and Buffalo herders and blanket
weaver
·
Dry crops Bajra they sown
·
By October- due to dry season-They go
Konkan
·
Dhangar flocks manure the fields and fed
on the stubble.
·
On mansoon they leave Konkan
4. Life of Raikas
·
Live in Desert areas of Rajasthan
·
Combined cultivation with pastoralism
·
During Monsoon- staying at village- then
go in search of pasture land
·
Rearing Camel(Maru Raika), sheep and
goat
5. Which factors influence the life of
pastoralists? (Their life is sustained by host of factors)
·
They had to judge how long the herds
could stay in one area. And where they could find water and pasture.
·
They have to calculate the timing of
their movements.
·
“ “
“ Fulfill the demands of the
animals.
·
“ “ “
Set up relationships with the farmers.
·
They combine a range of different
activities: cultivation, trade and herding-to make their living.
6. What are the rules that British
undertook due to which pastoralist’s life got affected dramatically?
·
Waste land rules.
·
Forest acts.
·
Criminal tribes act.-1871
·
Different Taxes- on land, water, salt,
animals
·
Movement was regulated- needed a permit
for entry
7. How the lives of pastoralists got
affected?
·
Effects on pastorals:
·
Serious shortage of pasture lands.
·
Continuous intensive grazing of these
pastures.
·
This led to shortage of forage for
animals.
·
Deterioration of animal stock due to
which cattle’s died.
8. How they cope up with these
changes?
·
Some reduced the no. of cattle.
·
Some discovered new pastures.
·
Some rich pastoralist began buying land
and settling down
·
Others took to more extensive trading.
·
Poor pastoralist, borrowed money from
moneylenders to survive.
·
Some become labourers...
9. Write about African Pastoralists
·
Half of the pastoral population lives in
it
·
22 million African depend on it
·
Communities are- Bedouins, Berbers,
Maasai, Somali, Boran and Turkana
·
They raise cattle, camels, sheeeps,
goats, donkeys, etc.
·
Trade- Meat, milk, skin and wool
·
Combining agriculture with pastoral
activities
10. Describe the society of Maasai? How
Society was affected?
·
Society was divided into 2 parts: elders
and warriors.
·
The elders -ruling group and decide on
affairs of community and settle disputes.
·
The warriors -younger people, protection
of tribe .they defend community and organized cattle raids.
Changes taken by British in Maasai
Society?
·
Appointed chiefs of different sub-groups
of Maasai.
·
Imposed various restrictions on raiding
and warfare.
Effect on Maasai Society
·
Old order and peace in the society
vanished
·
Elders were not respected like earlier
society as young chiefs were appointed by the Brirtish
·
A gap was created between rich and poor
11. What were the effects on Maasai?
·
Deterioration of the quality of pasture.
·
Fodder was always in short supply.
·
Feeding the cattle became a persistence
problem.
·
Animals started dying and famine.
·
Drought affected the life of pastoralist
everywhere.
·
Society was divided into rich and poor
·
Concepts of elders and youngers in
Massai Society were lost
12. What are the factors for the decrease
of the grazing Maasai land?
·
Capture of Maasai land by British &
other imperial powers.
·
Expansion of cultivated land.
·
Forest rules were made
·
Game reserves were made.- Maasai Mara
and Samburu National Park in Kenya
ELECTORAL POLITICS
1.
DESCRIBE THE ASSEMBLY ELECTION IN HARYANA:-
(i).election in Haryana
was in 1987.
(ii).state had been ruled
by congress party since 1982.chaudhari Devi lal, leader of Lok Dal ,led a
movement called Nyaya yudh
(iii).he assured people
about loans to farmers and businessman
(iv) Lok Dal and its
partners won 76 out of 90 seats in state assembly
(V) His party ruled for
4 years and fulfilled the promises
2.
Why do we need election?
i)To elect our leaders
ii) To systematically govern their state.
iii) Preventing the
misuse of powers by leaders.
iv) To get free from
dictatorial rule.
v) To put forward
people’s demand.
vi) To make a
democratic country.
3.What makes an election democratic?
Ans.-steps
are as follows:-
i)election
should be free and fair
ii)one
vote and one value.
iii)no
malpractises and rigging
iv)holding
elections regularly.
v)acceptance
of leader by people
vi)people
should be given importance for:-awareness, vote ,candidate.
4.Is
it good to have political competition?
Yes….
i)if
there is no competition, elections will become pointless.
ii)competition
between parties -for elections and issues power.
iii)due
to this many leaders will come forward and so people will have choice.
iv)selections
of good leaders would be there as there would be many as in options.
v)
Awareness can be spread.
5.
What are electoral constituencies?
Ans-The
country is divided into different areas on the basis of population for purpose
of election. These areas are called electoral constituencies.
6.
How they are formed in local areas?
Ans-i)
state is divided into a specific no. of assembly constituencies.
ii)
Elected members are called member of legislative assembly or an MLA. Each parliamentary constituency
has within it several assembly constituencies.
iii)
The same principle applies for panchayat and municipal elections.
iv)
Each village is divided into several wards that are like constituencies.
v)
Each ward elect 1 member of village , these constituencies are controlled as
seats.
7
.What are ‘Reserved constituencies’?
Ans-The
constituencies which are made reserved for weaker section people like SC, ST
etc. for them to get chances & to be the member in many places is called
reserved constituencies.
Ans.-i)
voter
list is a list of people regarding who can vote and who could not.
ii)
Those who are above 18 years have right to vote due to universal adult
franchise.
iii)
Voter list is prepared much before the election & given to everyone. This
list is officially called ‘ELECTORAL
ROLL’
iv)It
is responsibility of government to get the names of all eligible voters and put
it on voters list. A complete revision of list takes place at 5years.
V) People linked with
severe crimes, full mentally disorder, and below 18 yrs are not allowed to
vote.
9-Educational
qualification for candidate should be required or not?
Ans-For
the side-
i)Yes,
it is required because a leader should have the knowledge of education , then
only he/ she can govern a country/state
properly.
ii)The
relevant qualification for a MLA or a MP is the ability to understand people’s
concern’s, problem and to represent their interest.
iii)A
leader with Education and knowledge can better decide about the wrong and
correct decision.
AGAINST-
i)If
we go through the concerns of education 90% of our citizen will become
ineligible to contest elections.
ii)Many
educated leaders are corrupted n our country
10.What
is the importance of photo identity card in election?
Ans-The
importance
of election photo identity card is that it acts as a proof for a person as well
as during voting process also no one else can vote for someone
on behalf of someone by changing it’s own identity.
11-What
are criteria to nominate a candidate?
Ans-
The criteria are as follows:-
i)Age
should be minimum 25 years to be a candidate.
ii)Every
person who wishes to contest has to fill a nomination form and has to give some
money as security deposit.,
iii)Candidate
have to make legal declaration of given details.
·
Serious criminal cases pending against
the candidate
·
Details of assets & liabilities of
candidate and his / her family.
·
Education qualification of candidate.
12-What
is election campaign? What are rules to follow in campaign?
Ans-In
an election campaign, the leaders use to promote them, their
party and their changes which they want to apply in the country after their
govt. would be formed.
The
Rules are:-
i)No
rigging
ii)48
hrs before, their campaign must be stopped
iii)No
bribe or threatening of voters.
iv)No
appeal to them in name of cast and religion.
v)Use
of only govt. resources for campaign.
vi)The
expenditure should not be more than Rs.25 lakh in a constituency for lok sabha
election or Rs.10 lakh in a constituency in assembly election.
vii)No
use of any worship place for election propaganda.
viii)Use
of govt. vehicle, aircraft and officials for elections.
13-How
is polling and counting of votes done?
Explain
Ans-i)This
day is also called election day. the final stage of an
election is the day when voter cast or poll their vote.
ii)Now
a days , EVM is used to give vote ,every person whose name is on the voter list
can go to nearby polling booth situated usually in local school or govt.
office.
iii)Once
the voter goes inside the booth, the election officials identify her , put a
mark on his/her finger and allow him/ her to cast to cast the vote.
An agent of each
candidate is allowed to sit inside the polling booth & ensure that the
voting take place in fair ways.
14-‘Election
in India are too expensive’ Explain?
Ans-i)A
large amount of money is spent in conducting election in India.
→Govt.
spent about Rs.1,300 crores in conducting Lok Sabha elections in 2004 , that
works out to about Rs.20 per person in voter’s list.
ii)Many
parties spend too much money for their campaign which is almost useless.
15-What
is EVM? Why there was EVM? Write it’s merits?
Ans-i)Electronic
voting
machine is a machine which shows the names of candidate and party symbols and
the voters are required to press the button in front of the party name whom he want to give the vote.
ii)
EVM is a secured and safe way of voting. There will be no wastage of Ballot
paper.
iii)
There will be no booth capturing i.e., no rigging and no exceptional vote.
iv)
One vote, one value or one vote by one person- This concept will be cleanly
established.
v)
There will be easy counting through EVM.
16-How
C.E.C. is appointed? Describe the power of C.E.C
Ans-Chief
election commissioner is appointed by president of India. The power of CEC is
as follows:-
i)When the CEC is once
appointed, the president and govt. can also not force him/her to be the
answerable.
ii)It takes decision on
every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of
elections by declaration of results.
iii)It implements the
code of conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.
iv)During the election
EC or CEC can order govt. to follow some guidelines, to prevent use and misuse
of govt. power to enhance it’s chances to win election.
v)During election,
govt. officers work under the control of CEC or EC not under the govt..
17-When
a repoll is made?
Ans-When
election official come to the opinion
that polling was fair in some booths or
even an entire constituency ,they order a repoll.
18-What
is Turnout? How is it related to popular participation?
Ans-i)
The percentage of eligible voters who
can cast their votes in an election.
ii)People’s
participation is usually measured by voters turnout figures.
That means if there
would be more percentage of eligible
voters then that would be popular participation.
19-What
is popular participation? How can we identify it?
Ans-i)When
people participate in election with enthusiasms
then it is usually referred as people participation.
ii)We can identify it
by voter turnout. If the election comes as to be unfair then people are
participating in the election to make it fair.
20-What
are challenges to free and fair election?
Ans-The
challenges are:-
i)Candidate and parties
with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a big
and unfair advantage over smaller parties and independents.
ii)In some parts of our
country , candidate with criminal connection have been able to push others but
of electoral race and to secure a ticket from major parties .
iii)Some families tend
to dominate political parties, tickets are distributed to relatives from these
families.
iv)Very often elections
offer little choice to ordinary citizens for both the major parties are quite
similar to each other in policies and practises.
v)Smaller parties and
independent candidates suffer a huge
disadvantage compared to bigger parties.
21-Give
some suggestion for free and fair elections?
Ans-Suggestion
are as following:-
FOR
FREE ELECTION-
i)Universal adult
franchise
ii)No one force anyone
to vote
iii)Free to stand as a
candidate
iv)People can choose
leaders on their own wish.
v)Every one can vote
FOR
FAIR ELECTION
i)No booth capturing
ii)No corruption
iii)No vote for note or
no note for vote
iv)No mal- practice
v)No violence
vi)No partial voting.
22-
System of Election
·
Forming Electoral Constituencies
·
Making Voter List
·
Nomination of Candidates
·
Election Campaign
·
Polling
·
Counting of Votes and Result Declaration
